THEME:THE ORIGIN AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF GEOMETRY
Keywords:
geometry, Euclid, history of mathematics, Euclidean geometry, analytic geometry, non-Euclidean geometry, axioms, geometric constructions.Abstract
Geometry is one of the oldest branches of mathematics. It developed from
practical activities such as land measurement, construction, astronomy, navigation, and
the study of shapes. This article examines the origin and historical development of
geometry from ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia to Greek deductive geometry, Islamic
scholarship, analytic geometry, non-Euclidean geometry, and modern mathematical
applications. Particular attention is given to Thales, Pythagoras, Euclid, Archimedes,
René Descartes, Carl Friedrich Gauss, Nikolai Lobachevsky, János Bolyai, and
Bernhard Riemann. The article demonstrates how geometry evolved from empirical
rules into an axiomatic and highly abstract mathematical discipline with major
applications in science and technology.
References
1. Euclid, The Elements, translated and edited in numerous modern editions.
2. T. L. Heath, A History of Greek Mathematics, Oxford University Press.
3. C. B. Boyer and U. C. Merzbach, A History of Mathematics, Wiley.
4. V. J. Katz, A History of Mathematics: An Introduction, Pearson.
5. D. M. Burton, The History of Mathematics: An Introduction, McGraw-Hill.
6. J. Stillwell, Mathematics and Its History, Springer.
7. R. Hartshorne, Geometry: Euclid and Beyond, Springer.
