THE ROLE OF CARDIORENAL CHANGES IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

Abstract

: Cardiorenal changes are increasingly recognized as a key factor in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. The close physiological relationship between the heart and kidneys means that dysfunction in one organ often leads to impairment of the other, resulting in cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). This article reviews the current understanding of cardiorenal interactions, focusing on the definition and classification of CRS, its underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, and its clinical manifestations in cardiovascular diseases. Particular attention is given to acute and chronic heart–kidney interactions, neurohormonal activation, inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction as major contributors to disease progression. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for improving early diagnosis, risk assessment, and treatment strategies. Further research into cardiorenal changes may facilitate the development of targeted therapeutic approaches and improve clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease.