EFFECTIVE METHODS OF LEARNING ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE: A REVIEW OF TRADITIONAL AND MODERN APPROACHES

Abstract

This article examines the principal methods and approaches used in teaching and learning English as a foreign language (EFL). It reviews the historical evolution from the Grammar-Translation and Audio-Lingual methods to contemporary communicative, task-based, and technology-enhanced approaches. Drawing on second language acquisition (SLA) theory, the paper analyses the roles of comprehensible input, meaningful output, interaction, and learner motivation. Particular attention is given to digital tools, mobile-assisted language learning, and spaced repetition. The article concludes that no single method is universally superior; rather, an eclectic, learner-centred combination of communicative practice, systematic vocabulary building, extensive input, and consistent output yields the most reliable results.