PRIVATE SCHOOLS VS PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Keywords:
private schools, public schools, academic achievement, PISA, NAEP, OECD, selection bias, human capital, social reproduction, civic outcomes, inclusive education.Abstract
This article provides a broad and in-depth scientific comparative analysis of private and public school systems based on criteria such as educational quality, academic achievement, financing mechanisms, social equity, inclusion, civic outcomes, and long-term effects. Drawing on data from PISA 2022, NAEP 2024, OECD (2025), meta-analyses (Shakeel et al., 2024; Claes, 2026; Lubienski et al.), and other empirical studies, it demonstrates that students in private schools often show higher “raw” test scores. However, after controlling for socio-economic status (SES), family background, selection bias, and school composition, this advantage is significantly reduced or becomes statistically insignificant. Public schools play a crucial role in ensuring broad access, inclusion, and social mobility. The article thoroughly examines theoretical foundations, international and national (Uzbekistan) empirical evidence, heterogeneity, methodological challenges, and policy recommendations.
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