PHYSICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF MOLECULAR PHYSICS IN SCHOOL

Abstract

This paper establishes the physical and pedagogical foundations for effectively teaching molecular physics within the secondary school curriculum. Molecular physics often poses cognitive challenges for school students due to the abstract transition between microscopic molecular chaos and macroscopic measurable parameters (temperature, pressure, volume). This study highlights pedagogical frameworks designed to overcome these challenges, emphasizing the shift from passive memorization to active inquiry. Key methods analyzed include Problem-Based Learning (PBL), interactive computer simulations (such as PhET), and cost-effective, room-condition DIY laboratory experiments. The integration of these strategies enhances students' spatial imagination, critical thinking, and cognitive interest. The research concludes that a balanced combination of digital visualization and hands-on tactile experiments forms the optimal pedagogical environment for solidifying conceptual understanding and introducing high school students to statistical and thermodynamic principles.