STEPWISE PROGRESSION OF OSTEOPOROSIS IN MEN: MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS INTO TESTOSTERONE, METABOLIC FACTORS, AND BONE REMODELING

Abstract

Osteoporosis in men is a multifactorial, progressive, and frequently underdiagnosed skeletal disorder characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD), deterioration of bone microarchitecture, and a consequent increase in fracture risk. Although historically considered a condition predominantly affecting women, male osteoporosis represents a significant and growing public health burden, particularly in aging populations. The pathogenesis of osteoporosis in men is complex and involves a dynamic interplay between endocrine, metabolic, and cellular mechanisms